Prevalence of dynapenia and overlap with disability, depression, and executive dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate handgrip strength and dynapenia prevalence among older adults stratified by Brazilian macroregions. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the overlap between dynapenia and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability, depression, and executive dysfunction on a national basis and by each Brazilian macroregion. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). A multistage cluster sample design was used, with a representative population-based study of non-institutionalized community-dwelling Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years from 70 municipalities across all five macroregions of the country. The outcome variable was dynapenia. Covariables were IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. The Brazilian macroregions were used for stratification. In addition, the following additional variables were included: age group, gender, education level, macroregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), self-reported health, multimorbidity, and falls. RESULTS: A total of 8,849 (94%) of the sample provided complete information for the handgrip strength assessment and were included in this analysis. Dynapenia prevalence was higher in North and Northeast regions (28.5% and 35.1%, respectively). We identified statistically significant differences between different macroregions for dynapenia, IADL disability, and verbal fluency, with worse values in the North and Northeast regions. In the North and Northeast macroregions, nearly half of the subjects that presented executive dysfunction and IADL disability also had dynapenia. There was a more significant overlap in the prevalence of all four conditions in the North and Northeast regions (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), whereas the overlap was smaller in the South (2.3%). There was also a smaller overlap in the prevalence of dynapenia and depression in the South (5.8%) compared with other macroregions. CONCLUSIONS: Macroregions in Brazil exhibit marked differences in the prevalence of dynapenia and in its overlap with IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction.

Association among race/color, gender, and intrinsic capacity: results from the ELSI-Brazil study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations among race/color, gender, and intrinsic capacity (IC) (total and by domains) in middle-aged and older adults from a Brazilian cohort. As a secondary objective, we investigate these associations across Brazilian regions. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with baseline data from the 2015-2016 Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). IC was investigated via cognitive (verbal fluency), physical (gait velocity/handgrip), and psychosocial (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression) domains. Moreover, IC sensory domain was evaluated via self-reported sensory disease diagnoses (vision and/or hearing impairment) and race/color was identified via self-reported criteria. RESULTS: We evaluated a total of 9,070 participants (aged ≥ 50 years). Black and Brown participants were 80% and 41% more likely to show a worse IC cognitive domain than white controls, respectively (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.42-2.28, p < 0.001 and OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.21-1.65, p < 0.001). Moreover, Black and Brown women had almost a threefold greater chance of showing a worse IC than white men (OR = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.89-4.47, p < 0.001 and OR = 2.51, 95%CI: 2.09 - 3.02, p < 0.001) and a 62% (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.02-2.57) and 32% (OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.10-1.57) greater risk of falling below our IC score cutoff point than white women. We found the greatest differences in the Brazilian South, whereas its North showed the lowest associations among race/color, gender, and IC. CONCLUSION: IC racial and gender disparities reinforce the need for public health policies to guarantee equality during aging. Promoting greater access to good health care requires understanding how racism and sexism can contribute to health inequities and their consequences in different Brazilian regions.

Prevalence of dynapenia and overlap with disability, depression, and executive dysfunction

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate handgrip strength and dynapenia prevalence among older adults stratified by Brazilian macroregions. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the overlap between dynapenia and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability, depression, and executive dysfunction on a national basis and by each Brazilian macroregion. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). A multistage cluster sample design was used, with a representative population-based study of non-institutionalized community-dwelling Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years from 70 municipalities across all five macroregions of the country. The outcome variable was dynapenia. Covariables were IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. The Brazilian macroregions were used for stratification. In addition, the following additional variables were included: age group, gender, education level, macroregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), self-reported health, multimorbidity, and falls. RESULTS A total of 8,849 (94%) of the sample provided complete information for the handgrip strength assessment and were included in this analysis. Dynapenia prevalence was higher in North and Northeast regions (28.5% and 35.1%, respectively). We identified statistically significant differences between different macroregions for dynapenia, IADL disability, and verbal fluency, with worse values in the North and Northeast regions. In the North and Northeast macroregions, nearly half of the subjects that presented executive dysfunction and IADL disability also had dynapenia. There was a more significant overlap in the prevalence of all four conditions in the North and Northeast regions (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), whereas the overlap was smaller in the South (2.3%). There was also a smaller overlap in the prevalence of dynapenia and depression in the South (5.8%) compared with other macroregions. CONCLUSIONS Macroregions in Brazil exhibit marked differences in the prevalence of dynapenia and in its overlap with IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction.

Association among race/color, gender, and intrinsic capacity: results from the ELSI-Brazil study

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate associations among race/color, gender, and intrinsic capacity (IC) (total and by domains) in middle-aged and older adults from a Brazilian cohort. As a secondary objective, we investigate these associations across Brazilian regions. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted with baseline data from the 2015-2016 Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). IC was investigated via cognitive (verbal fluency), physical (gait velocity/handgrip), and psychosocial (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression) domains. Moreover, IC sensory domain was evaluated via self-reported sensory disease diagnoses (vision and/or hearing impairment) and race/color was identified via self-reported criteria. RESULTS We evaluated a total of 9,070 participants (aged ≥ 50 years). Black and Brown participants were 80% and 41% more likely to show a worse IC cognitive domain than white controls, respectively (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.42-2.28, p < 0.001 and OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.21-1.65, p < 0.001). Moreover, Black and Brown women had almost a threefold greater chance of showing a worse IC than white men (OR = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.89-4.47, p < 0.001 and OR = 2.51, 95%CI: 2.09 - 3.02, p < 0.001) and a 62% (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.02-2.57) and 32% (OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.10-1.57) greater risk of falling below our IC score cutoff point than white women. We found the greatest differences in the Brazilian South, whereas its North showed the lowest associations among race/color, gender, and IC. CONCLUSION IC racial and gender disparities reinforce the need for public health policies to guarantee equality during aging. Promoting greater access to good health care requires understanding how racism and sexism can contribute to health inequities and their consequences in different Brazilian regions.

Online physical exercise and the neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a cross-sectional study during the COVID-19 pandemic / Exercício físico online e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos em pacientes com demência: um estudo de corte transversal durante a pandemia de covid-19

ABSTRACT. Social isolation is necessary during the COVID-19 pandemic but can be harmful to mental health, especially in people with neurocognitive disorders. Although physical exercise can alleviate neuropsychiatric symptoms and improve quality of life (QoL), sedentary behavior increased during the pandemic. Online interventions can contribute to improving physical activity and mental health. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the neuropsychiatric symptoms and QoL of older adults with neurocognitive disorders who participated in an online physical exercise program with sedentary patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 25 older patients with neurocognitive disorders (control group=11; online exercise group=14) were evaluated based on Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) scale. Results: There were differences between the two groups in the total NPI (U=36.50, p=0.025) and the nighttime behavior disturbances item (U=38.00, p=0.033), both with large effect sizes (ES=-1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]:-1.83 to -0.16 and ES=-1.06, 95%CI -1.86 to -0.19, respectively). In terms of QoL-AD, a difference was identified only in the memory subitem (U=20.00, p=0.005), with a large ES (1.59, 95%CI 0.59-2.48). Conclusions: Older adults with neurocognitive disorders who participated in an online physical exercise program, during the COVID-19 pandemic, showed fewer neuropsychiatric total symptoms, fewer nighttime disturbances episodes, and better subjective memory, compared to their physically inactive counterparts. Randomized controlled trials should be performed to better understand the effect of physical exercise in neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia patients during periods of social isolation.

RESUMO. O isolamento social é necessário na pandemia de COVID-19, mas pode impactar a saúde mental, especialmente em idosos com demência, dada a alta prevalência de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. Apesar da prática de exercícios físicos contribuir para a redução desses sintomas e a melhora da qualidade de vida, houve um aumento de comportamento sedentário durante a pandemia. Objetivo: Comparar os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e a qualidade de vida de idosos com distúrbios neurocognitivos que participaram de um programa de exercícios físicos online voltado a pacientes sedentários durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Neste estudo de corte transversal, 25 idosos diagnosticados com transtorno neurocognitivo (controle=11; exercícios online=14) foram avaliados por meio do inventário neuropsiquiátrico (INP) e da escala de qualidade de vida na doença de Alzheimer (QV-DA). Resultados: Observou-se diferença entre os grupos no INP total (U=36,50, p=0,025), com tamanho de efeito grande (effect size [ES]=-1,03, intervalo de confiança - IC95% -1,83 a -0,16), e no subdomínio sono (U=38,00, p=0,033), com tamanho de efeito grande (ES=-1,06, IC95% -1,86 a -0,19), favoráveis ao grupo fisicamente ativo. Na QV-DA, houve diferença entre os grupos apenas no subitem memória (U=20,00, p=0,005), com tamanho de efeito grande (ES=1,59, IC95% 0,59 a 2,48), não houve diferença na pontuação total (U=45,5, p=0,277). Conclusões: Idosos submetidos a rotina de exercícios físicos com supervisão online na pandemia de COVID-19 apresentam menos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, melhor qualidade de sono e memória quando comparados aos fisicamente inativos. Estudos randomizados controlados devem ser feitos para a melhor compreensão dos efeitos do exercício físico nos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos de pacientes com demência durante períodos de isolamento social.

Online physical exercise and the neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a cross-sectional study during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Social isolation is necessary during the COVID-19 pandemic but can be harmful to mental health, especially in people with neurocognitive disorders. Although physical exercise can alleviate neuropsychiatric symptoms and improve quality of life (QoL), sedentary behavior increased during the pandemic. Online interventions can contribute to improving physical activity and mental health. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the neuropsychiatric symptoms and QoL of older adults with neurocognitive disorders who participated in an online physical exercise program with sedentary patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 25 older patients with neurocognitive disorders (control group=11; online exercise group=14) were evaluated based on Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) scale. Results: There were differences between the two groups in the total NPI (U=36.50, p=0.025) and the nighttime behavior disturbances item (U=38.00, p=0.033), both with large effect sizes (ES=-1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]:-1.83 to -0.16 and ES=-1.06, 95%CI -1.86 to -0.19, respectively). In terms of QoL-AD, a difference was identified only in the memory subitem (U=20.00, p=0.005), with a large ES (1.59, 95%CI 0.59-2.48). Conclusions: Older adults with neurocognitive disorders who participated in an online physical exercise program, during the COVID-19 pandemic, showed fewer neuropsychiatric total symptoms, fewer nighttime disturbances episodes, and better subjective memory, compared to their physically inactive counterparts. Randomized controlled trials should be performed to better understand the effect of physical exercise in neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia patients during periods of social isolation.

O isolamento social é necessário na pandemia de COVID-19, mas pode impactar a saúde mental, especialmente em idosos com demência, dada a alta prevalência de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. Apesar da prática de exercícios físicos contribuir para a redução desses sintomas e a melhora da qualidade de vida, houve um aumento de comportamento sedentário durante a pandemia. Objetivo: Comparar os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e a qualidade de vida de idosos com distúrbios neurocognitivos que participaram de um programa de exercícios físicos online voltado a pacientes sedentários durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Neste estudo de corte transversal, 25 idosos diagnosticados com transtorno neurocognitivo (controle=11; exercícios online=14) foram avaliados por meio do inventário neuropsiquiátrico (INP) e da escala de qualidade de vida na doença de Alzheimer (QV-DA). Resultados: Observou-se diferença entre os grupos no INP total (U=36,50, p=0,025), com tamanho de efeito grande (effect size [ES]=-1,03, intervalo de confiança - IC95% -1,83 a -0,16), e no subdomínio sono (U=38,00, p=0,033), com tamanho de efeito grande (ES=-1,06, IC95% -1,86 a -0,19), favoráveis ao grupo fisicamente ativo. Na QV-DA, houve diferença entre os grupos apenas no subitem memória (U=20,00, p=0,005), com tamanho de efeito grande (ES=1,59, IC95% 0,59 a 2,48), não houve diferença na pontuação total (U=45,5, p=0,277). Conclusões: Idosos submetidos a rotina de exercícios físicos com supervisão online na pandemia de COVID-19 apresentam menos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, melhor qualidade de sono e memória quando comparados aos fisicamente inativos. Estudos randomizados controlados devem ser feitos para a melhor compreensão dos efeitos do exercício físico nos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos de pacientes com demência durante períodos de isolamento social.

The comorbidity conditions and polypharmacy in elderly patients with mental illness in a middle income country: a cross-sectional study⋆.

BACKGROUND: Mental disorders increase the risk factor for developing physical comorbidity conditions, such as cardiometabolic diseases. There is a high prevalence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly population which hampers clinical response. Studies have shown that this positive correlation between the aging process and enhancement of physical comorbidities is especially high among older adults who live in low or middle income countries. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between physical disease comorbidities and polypharmacy in older adults with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or major depressive disorder (MDD), living in a middle income country. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of community-dwelling elderly individuals who are cognitively healthy and those with AD, MCI, or MDD. The severity scale of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was calculated to classify the severity of comorbidity condition. Logistic regression model (unadjusted and adjusted for age) were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for cardiometabolic comorbidity (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and overweight), and polypharmacy. RESULTS: Although there was not an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity among the groups, elderly people with mental disorders presented higher odds for polypharmacy condition. Polypharmacy was significantly higher for all groups in comparison with cognitively healthy participants: AD (OR 22.00, 95 % CI 6.11-79.11), MDD (OR 14.73, 95 % CI 3.69-58.75) and MCI (OR 10.31, 95 % CI 2.44-43.59). Elderly patients with AD presented more severe comorbidities and higher risks for dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with depression, dementia and mild cognitive impairment have considerably higher odds for polypharmacy. People with dementia also have greater comorbidity severity than those who are cognitively healthy. In middle income countries, there is an urgent need to focus on promoting age-appropriate health approaches for the elderly with mental illness to prevent the development of aggravated cardiometabolic conditions and polypharmacy.

Ekbom Syndrome associated with Lewy Body Dementia: A case report.

Ekbom Syndrome, also known as parasitosis delusion or psychogenic parasitosis, is a rare condition in which patients present with a fixed belief of being infested by parasites, vermin or small insects, along with tactile hallucinations (such as pruritus or sensations of the parasites crawling over or under the skin). The syndrome may occur idiopathically or be associated with other medical conditions and drug use. This case report describes the occurrence of Ekbom syndrome in a patient diagnosed with Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), a neurodegenerative disease that commonly presents with sensory perception and thought disorders and other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Although visual hallucination is considered a core diagnostic criterion, other modalities of psychiatric symptoms can also occur posing a further challenge for correct diagnosis. Proper recognition allows early diagnosis and adequate treatment, preventing hazardous antipsychotic use in these patients.

A síndrome de Ekbom, também conhecida como delírio parasitário ou parasitose psicogênica, é uma condição rara na qual os pacientes apresentam crença fixa de estarem infestados por parasitas, vermes ou insetos, acompanhada de alucinações táteis (como prurido ou sensação dos parasitas andando sobre ou sob a pele). A síndrome pode ocorrer de forma idiopática ou associada a outras condições médicas ou uso de drogas. Este relato de caso descreve a ocorrência da síndrome de Ekbom em um paciente diagnosticado com Demência com corpos de Lewy (DCL), uma doença degenerativa que comumente se apresenta com desordens de sensopercepção e pensamento, e outros sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. A alucinação visual é considerada um dos critérios diagnósticos nucleares, entretanto outras modalidades de sintomas psiquiátricos podem ocorrer criando desafios adicionais ao diagnóstico correto. O reconhecimento apropriado permite o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado, prevenindo o uso arriscado de antipsicóticos nesses pacientes.

Ekbom Syndrome associated with Lewy Body Dementia: A case report / Síndrome de ekbom associada à demência com corpos de lewy: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Ekbom Syndrome, also known as parasitosis delusion or psychogenic parasitosis, is a rare condition in which patients present with a fixed belief of being infested by parasites, vermin or small insects, along with tactile hallucinations (such as pruritus or sensations of the parasites crawling over or under the skin). The syndrome may occur idiopathically or be associated with other medical conditions and drug use. This case report describes the occurrence of Ekbom syndrome in a patient diagnosed with Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), a neurodegenerative disease that commonly presents with sensory perception and thought disorders and other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Although visual hallucination is considered a core diagnostic criterion, other modalities of psychiatric symptoms can also occur posing a further challenge for correct diagnosis. Proper recognition allows early diagnosis and adequate treatment, preventing hazardous antipsychotic use in these patients.

RESUMO A síndrome de Ekbom, também conhecida como delírio parasitário ou parasitose psicogênica, é uma condição rara na qual os pacientes apresentam crença fixa de estarem infestados por parasitas, vermes ou insetos, acompanhada de alucinações táteis (como prurido ou sensação dos parasitas andando sobre ou sob a pele). A síndrome pode ocorrer de forma idiopática ou associada a outras condições médicas ou uso de drogas. Este relato de caso descreve a ocorrência da síndrome de Ekbom em um paciente diagnosticado com Demência com corpos de Lewy (DCL), uma doença degenerativa que comumente se apresenta com desordens de sensopercepção e pensamento, e outros sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. A alucinação visual é considerada um dos critérios diagnósticos nucleares, entretanto outras modalidades de sintomas psiquiátricos podem ocorrer criando desafios adicionais ao diagnóstico correto. O reconhecimento apropriado permite o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado, prevenindo o uso arriscado de antipsicóticos nesses pacientes.

Utility of handgrip strength cut-offs for identification of weakness and disability in community-dwelling older people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease / Utilidade de pontos de corte de força de preensão palmar para identificar fraqueza e incapacidade em idosos da comunidade com transtorno cognitivo leve e doença de Alzheimer

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the utility of handgrip strength cut-offs for the identification of weakness and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability in elderly people with neurocognitive disorders. Methods Cross-sectional study of community-dwelling elderly individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 40) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 22); healthy individuals (n = 36) were recruited as controls. Handgrip cut-offs included European Working Group for Sarcopenic Older People (EWGSOP2), Cardiovascular Healthy Study (CHS) and the Frailty in Brazilian Older People Study from Rio de Janeiro (FIBRA RJ) cut-offs. Handgrip strength indexes were calculated by dividing handgrip strength values by cut-off values and the weakness prevalence for each cut-off value was compared among groups. Correlation analyses were employed to evaluate the relationship between Lawton Scale and handgrip strength (crude value and indexes). Results All handgrip strength indexes were lower in the AD group (p < 0.05), whereas the prevalence of weakness was significantly higher in the AD group only when the CHS cut-off was applied (AD = 47.5%, MCI and control = 18.2%, p < 0.01). Significantly positive correlations were identified between the Lawton ADL scale and handgrip indexes for all cut-offs (p < 0.05), but not between Lawton scale and crude handgrip (p = 0.75). Conclusions Only the CHS cut-off allowed proper differentiation of the weakness prevalence between groups. In addition, adjusting handgrip strength values according to cut-offs was necessary to determine the correlation between strength and disability in cognitively impaired elderly individuals.

RESUMO Objetivos Avaliar a utilidade de pontos de corte (PC) de força de preensão palmar (FPP) para identificar fraqueza e incapacidade em atividades instrumentais de vida diária (AIVDs) em idosos com transtorno neurocognitivo. Métodos Neste estudo de corte transversal, foram recrutados idosos saudáveis (n = 36), com comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL, n = 22) e doença de Alzheimer (DA, n = 40). Os PCs incluídos foram o European Working Group for Sarcopenic Older People (EWGSOP2), o Cardiovascular Healthy Study (CHS) e o Frailty in Brazilian Older People Study do Rio de Janeiro (FIBRA RJ). Índices de FPP foram calculados dividindo-se o valor da FPP pelos valores de PC, e a prevalência de fraqueza para cada PC foi comparada entre os grupos. Análises de correlação foram empregadas para avaliar a relação entre a escala de Lawton e a FPP (valores brutos e índices). Resultados Todos os índices de FPP foram menores no grupo DA (p < 0,05), enquanto a prevalência de fraqueza foi significativamente maior na DA apenas quando o PC do CHS foi aplicado (DA = 47,5%, CCL e controles = 18,2%, p < 0,01). Foi identificada uma correlação significativa positiva entre a escala de Lawton e índices com todos os PCs (p < 0,05), porém não entre escala de Lawton e valor bruto da FPP (p = 0,75). Conclusões Apenas o PC do CHS permitiu diferenciação apropriada na prevalência de fraqueza entre os grupos. Além disso, o ajuste da FPP de acordo com os PCs foi necessário para determinar a correlação entre força e incapacidade em AIVDs em indivíduos idosos com comprometimento cognitivo.

Recognizing Late Onset Frontotemporal Dementia with the DAPHNE scale: A case report.

Frontotemporal dementias are classically described as early onset dementias with personality and behavioral changes, however, late onset forms can also be found. Considering the paucity of information about late onset behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and its challenging diagnosis, we present a case report of an 85-year-old woman with behavioral changes and slow progression to dementia who was first diagnosed as having bipolar disorder and then Alzheimer's disease. The Daphne scale provided a structured means to improve clinical diagnosis, also supported by characteristic features on MRI and SPECT, while CSF biomarkers ruled out atypical Alzheimer's disease.

As demências frontotemporais são classicamente descritas como demências de início precoce com mudanças de personalidade e comportamento, porém as formas de início tardio também podem ser encontradas. Considerando a escassez de informações sobre a demência frontotemporal - variante comportamental de início tardio e o diagnóstico desafiador, apresentamos um relato de caso de uma mulher de 85 anos com alterações comportamentais e progressão lenta para demência que foi diagnosticada pela primeira vez com transtorno bipolar e, em seguida, doença de Alzheimer. A escala DAPHNE foi utilizada permitindo a estruturação das características clínicas, aumentando a precisão do diagnóstico clínico, apoiado por características em RM e SPECT, enquanto os biomarcadores no líquor descartaram a doença de Alzheimer.

Recognizing Late Onset Frontotemporal Dementia with the DAPHNE scale: A case report / Reconhecendo a demência frontotemporal de início tardio com a escala daphne: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Frontotemporal dementias are classically described as early onset dementias with personality and behavioral changes, however, late onset forms can also be found. Considering the paucity of information about late onset behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and its challenging diagnosis, we present a case report of an 85-year-old woman with behavioral changes and slow progression to dementia who was first diagnosed as having bipolar disorder and then Alzheimer's disease. The Daphne scale provided a structured means to improve clinical diagnosis, also supported by characteristic features on MRI and SPECT, while CSF biomarkers ruled out atypical Alzheimer's disease.

RESUMO As demências frontotemporais são classicamente descritas como demências de início precoce com mudanças de personalidade e comportamento, porém as formas de início tardio também podem ser encontradas. Considerando a escassez de informações sobre a demência frontotemporal - variante comportamental de início tardio e o diagnóstico desafiador, apresentamos um relato de caso de uma mulher de 85 anos com alterações comportamentais e progressão lenta para demência que foi diagnosticada pela primeira vez com transtorno bipolar e, em seguida, doença de Alzheimer. A escala DAPHNE foi utilizada permitindo a estruturação das características clínicas, aumentando a precisão do diagnóstico clínico, apoiado por características em RM e SPECT, enquanto os biomarcadores no líquor descartaram a doença de Alzheimer.

[Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in juvenile offenders in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brazil)]. / Prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos em jovens infratores na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brasil): estudo de gênero e relação com a gravidade do delito.

The prevalence of juvenile offenders in Brazil, mainly among young females, is on the increase. The literature on this issue indicates an increased incidence of mental disorders among young offenders in several countries, though studies in Brazil are lacking. The aim of this article is to study the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents from a socio-educational standpoint, taking as a hypothesis the gender difference and the type of offense committed. The instrument used was the K-SADS-PL. As results, we found a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among juvenile offenders, the most common being: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (33.3%); behavioral disorder (77%); oppositional defiant disorder (50%), anxiety disorders (70%), depressive disorder (50%), illicit drug abuse/dependence (70%), and alcohol abuse/dependence (52%). Alcohol abuse/dependence caused a 2.4-fold increase in the probability of adolescents committing a violent offence. Public health authorities should concentrate on early diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders in childhood to reduce future violations. It is also suggested that mental health treatment of detained juveniles should be a fundamental part of the recuperation and reintegration of young offenders into society.

Prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos em jovens infratores na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brasil): estudo de gênero e relação com a gravidade do delito / Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in juvenile offenders in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brazil)

Cresce no Brasil a prevalência de jovens infratores, principalmente do gênero feminino. A literatura aponta para prevalências aumentadas de transtornos mentais entre esses jovens em vários países, mas no Brasil faltam estudos. O objetivo é avaliar a prevalência de transtornos mentais em adolescentes sob medida socioeducativa, considerando como hipótese sua diferença entre gêneros com base no tipo de delito cometido. O instrumento usado foi o K-SADS-PL. Como resultados, alta prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos entre adolescentes infratores, sendo os mais prevalentes: transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (33 por cento), transtorno da conduta (77 por cento), transtorno desafiador opositivo (50 por cento), transtornos de ansiedade (70 por cento), transtorno depressivo (50 por cento), abuso de drogas ilícitas (70 por cento) e abuso de álcool (52 por cento). O abuso de álcool aumentou em 2,4 vezes a chance de um adolescente cometer delito violento. Esses dados sugerem às autoridades em saúde pública que tanto a detecção quanto o tratamento precoce de transtornos psiquiátricos na infância podem ajudar na prevenção de atos infratores. Sugerem também que o tratamento em saúde mental dos jovens sob custódia da lei deve ser parte fundamental da recuperação e da ressocialização deles.

The prevalence of juvenile offenders in Brazil, mainly among young females, is on the increase. The literature on this issue indicates an increased incidence of mental disorders among young offenders in several countries, though studies in Brazil are lacking. The aim of this article is to study the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents from a socio-educational standpoint, taking as a hypothesis the gender difference and the type of offense committed. The instrument used was the K-SADS-PL. As results, we found a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among juvenile offenders, the most common being: attention deficit hhyperactivity disorder (33.3 percent); behavioral disorder (77 percent); oppositional defiant disorder (50 percent), anxiety disorders (70 percent), depressive disorder (50 percent), illicit drug abuse/dependence (70 percent), and alcohol abuse/dependence (52 percent). Alcohol abuse/dependence caused a 2.4-fold increase in the probability of adolescents committing a violent offence. Public health authorities should concentrate on early diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders in childhood to reduce future violations. It is also suggested that mental health treatment of detained juveniles should be a fundamental part of the recuperation and reintegration of young offenders into society.